Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Historical Context of the Middle East
- Xfacts
- Oct 26, 2024
- 5 min read
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the most complex geopolitical issues in modern history, filled with deep-rooted historical and cultural intricacies. Understanding this conflict requires a look back at key events that have shaped the region. This post offers a neutral view, emphasizing the rich historical context and pivotal moments that have influenced the dynamics of this longstanding struggle.
Historical Background
The land known today as Palestine has a vibrant and intricate history. It has seen the rise and fall of numerous civilizations, contributing to a rich cultural and religious landscape. Among the earliest inhabitants were the Canaanites, a Semitic people. A significant historical figure linked to this region is Abraham, who, according to tradition, originated from Ur and moved to Canaan. This migration laid the foundations of the cultural and religious significance both Jews and Arabs attach to the land.
Throughout history, Palestine transitioned through the control of various empires. After the Byzantine era, Arab rule took hold, followed by over 400 years of Ottoman rule, which lasted until World War I. During Ottoman dominance, Palestinians were primarily Semitic Arabs, with a mix of Muslims, Christians, and a smaller Jewish population. By the late 19th century, the Jewish community started to grow, largely due to rising anti-Semitism in Europe, increasing from around 2% of the total population in 1882 to approximately 8% by the time of British occupation in 1917.
Jewish access to their religious sites was maintained, and this period also marked the beginning of significant Jewish immigration. Many fled persecution in Europe, contributing to demographic changes that began to sow seeds of conflict.
The Emergence of Conflict
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict emerged from the intertwined land claims of Jews and Arabs, both of whom hold strong historical and cultural ties to the territory. For Jews, Israel represents a return to their ancestral homeland after centuries of exile. For Arabs, Palestine is a land they have inhabited for generations, reinforcing their claim to self-determination.
As the 20th century unfolded, rising tensions culminated in several critical events. By the end of World War II and the devastation of the Holocaust, the urgency for a Jewish homeland intensified. The United Nations proposed a partition plan in 1947, aiming to create separate states for Jews and Arabs. This proposal was met with strong opposition from Arab nations and Palestinians. As a result, violent clashes broke out leading to the establishment of Israel in 1948. The aftermath saw over 700,000 Palestinian Arabs displaced, marking the beginning of a deep humanitarian crisis.
The Role of External Powers
External actors have neither benefitted from nor resolved the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In particular, Iran has historically provided support to Hamas and other Palestinian groups, viewing them as part of a broader opposition to Israeli policies. Reports indicate that Tehran has funneled as much as $30 million a month to Hamas, showcasing the extent of their financial commitment.
On the flip side, Israel has targeted Iran's influence in the region, conducting airstrikes against Iranian military operations and backing opposition groups. Tensions have flared multiple times, especially after high-profile assassinations that threaten regional stability. For instance, the assassination of key figures like Ismail Haniyeh from Hamas and Fuad Shukr of Hezbollah in 2024 heightened calls for retaliation, only intensifying hostilities.
Why Iran is fighting against Israel?
The conflict between Iran and Israel is rooted in a complex mix of ideological, geopolitical, and regional power struggles, rather than a direct or traditional military confrontation. Here’s a breakdown of the main factors fueling tensions:
Iran’s Islamic Revolution (1979): After Iran’s Islamic Revolution, the new government led by Ayatollah Khomeini adopted an anti-Israel stance, considering Israel to be an illegitimate state due to its treatment of Palestinians. Iran positioned itself as a supporter of Palestinian rights, and this stance has continued with subsequent Iranian leaders.
"Resistance Axis": Iran identifies itself as a leader of the “resistance axis” against Western and Israeli influence in the Middle East, supporting groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Gaza, which oppose Israel.
Influence in the Middle East: Iran and Israel are involved in a regional power struggle where each country is attempting to expand its influence. Iran has built alliances with governments and armed groups in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen, while Israel has strengthened ties with some Gulf Arab states, including recent normalization agreements through the Abraham Accords.
Proxy Conflicts: Instead of direct confrontations, Iran and Israel engage in “proxy” conflicts where each supports opposing groups, particularly in Syria and Lebanon. For instance, Israel frequently strikes Iranian-linked targets in Syria, aiming to prevent Iran from establishing a military presence close to Israeli borders.
Iran’s Nuclear Program: Iran’s nuclear ambitions are seen by Israel as an existential threat, fearing that a nuclear-armed Iran would destabilize the region and potentially target Israel. Israel has repeatedly called for international action to limit Iran’s nuclear capabilities and has allegedly carried out covert operations, including cyberattacks and assassinations, against Iranian nuclear scientists.
Military Development and Arms Race: Both Iran and Israel are involved in developing advanced military capabilities. Israel possesses a strong conventional military and reportedly a nuclear arsenal, while Iran has developed missile technology and is accused of supplying arms to anti-Israel groups.
Palestinian Support and Regional Tensions: Iran has provided support to Hamas and Islamic Jihad in Palestine, which Israel perceives as an immediate security threat. This support, in part, fuels ongoing violence in regions like Gaza, further escalating Iran-Israel tensions.
Shift in Alliances: Israel’s recent normalization of relations with some Arab countries under the Abraham Accords is seen by Iran as a threat to its influence in the region, adding another layer to the animosity.
The Iran-Israel conflict is therefore a multi-dimensional struggle shaped by ideological beliefs, power dynamics in the Middle East, and security concerns, particularly related to nuclear capabilities and regional alliances. The situation is ongoing and highly complex, with each side seeking to limit the other's influence and prevent what they see as existential threats.
Social and Cultural Impacts
The ongoing conflict significantly affects the social and cultural dynamics of both Israelis and Palestinians. On one hand, the struggle for land and self-determination has become central to Palestinian identity. Reports indicate that over 80% of Palestinians living in the territories prioritize statehood and national identity. On the other side, Israelis emphasize the need for security amidst a backdrop of conflict and violence, with surveys revealing that over 70% feel that peace requires security guarantees.
The cultural identities of both groups are vibrant and have survived despite adversity. The rich traditions of Palestinian Arabic culture endure, including music, dance, and cuisine. Similarly, Jewish cultural practices remain vibrant, deeply intertwined with their historical connections to the land.
A Path Forward?
Each side has faced deep injustices, and recognizing these grievances is vital for any meaningful dialogue. Historical narratives, like displaced communities and ongoing conflict, must be acknowledged to lay the groundwork for peace.
Progress toward resolution has proved elusive, as previous initiatives have repeatedly failed to establish lasting agreements. With ongoing international mediation efforts and growing grassroots movements for peace, the hope remains that a future dialogue can foster coexistence. For real progress, Israelis and Palestinians must engage in open discussions, rooted in empathy and a willingness to understand each other's narratives.
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